Mák’ai language/Lexicon

 

This page contains a lexicon for the Mák’ai language. It is broken into three sections. The first is a dictionary containing both root words and derivational morphemes, the second is a list of common phrases and expressions, and the third is a collection of verbal paradigms, demonstratives, and noun classifiers. For more information about the Mák’ai language, please see its corresponding main article.

Lexicon

Aa

• á - 'ear'
• ábá - 'mum', 'mom', 'mother'
• ái - 'spirit', 'ghost'
• áigu - 'warm', 'hot'
• ága - 'day'
• ál̗a - 'child' (ie, son or daughter)
• ángu - 'wind'
• ámá - no direct English translation, refers to the third parental role provided by someone of the t̗'úkai gender.
• amak - 'blackness', 'darkness' (archaic)
• arána - 'quiet', 'still'
• átá - 'stick, branch'
• át̗á - 'dad', 'father'
• áwu - 'right', 'correct', 'good', 'just', 'nice'
• aya - 'to cook', 'to prepare (food)'
• áyága - 'today'

Bb

• bá-[x]-gí - circumfix meaning 'to provide X', 'to do X', 'to create X'.
• bálagai - 'to blow'
• bali - 'riverbank'
• balún̗al̗ - 'harvest'
• bal̗i - 'tree stump'
• bát'urlágí - 'nourishing', 'supportive', 'providing'
• báwu - 'dog'
• bit̗'a - 'to injure', 'to hurt', 'to inflict pain'
• bu-[]-k - inchoative circumfix.
• bukáiyak - 'to redden', 'to become red'
• bula - 'to take', 'to bring'
• búr - 'evil', 'wrongdoing'

Dd

• dar̗a - 'table'
• dar̗ugai - 'expensive', 'pricey', 'luxurious'
• du - 'cold', 'icy'
• du - 'hand' (archaic, used primarily in numbers).
• dút̗'á - 'deathly cold', 'cold' (archaic)
• duwai - 'true', 'correct', 'right'

D̗d̗

• d̗ai - 'to do', 'to complete', 'to achieve'
• d̗agái - 'state' (administrative division), 'province'
• d̗ak'úr - 'sin', 'crime', 'wrongdoing'
• d̗aru - 'earth', 'soil', 'ground'
• d̗íyak - 'of course', 'naturally'
• d̗u - 'to move', 'movement'

Gg

• ganái - 'time', 'when'
• gará - 'region', 'area'
• gíd̗uba - 'fish' (to eat), 'dead fish'
• gín - 'domain', 'realm', used as a suffix akin to '-dom' in English.
• gíyar - 'to sing', 'song'
• gíyar̗áwu - 'anthem', 'hymn' (lit. 'glory song')
• gu- - passifying prefix, 'be-' in English roughly.
• gú- - negative prefix, 'un-', 'de-', 'anti-'
• gúl̗ang - 'ash', 'remains'
• gúlu - 'ground', 'earth', 'basis', 'floor'
• gun̗jí - 'meat', 'flesh'
• gút̗ar - 'immortal'
• gút̗arak - 'undying'
• gut̗íwu - 'known', 'understood' (adj.)
• guwáigu - 'to warm', 'to heat up'
• guwáiguk - 'warming', 'heating', 'providing heat'
• guyá - 'holy', 'hallowed', 'blessed'

Ii

• íka - 'to stop', 'to cease', 'to halt'
• ikáya - 'story', 'history', 'legend'
• ínga - 'family'
• ín̗agáimáru - 'liberation', 'freeing', 'breaking'
• ít̗'ak - 'to cut', 'to slice'
• ít̗ák - 'journey', 'voyage', 'service' (of transport, ie, a train service)
• ítárk'u - 'birth', 'to be born', 'to emerge', 'to come into existence'

Jj

• jak - 'towards', 'to', 'unto', 'into'
• jákang - 'to tie', 'to bound', 'to imprison', 'to capture'
• jál̗áwa - 'interesting', 'fascinating'
• ján̗ - 'black', 'dark'
• ján̗kái - 'fine', 'alright', 'good' (from 'ján̗-káiya', lit. 'black-red', which referred to good soil in ancient Mák’ai - fertile (black) and watered by the blood of their enemies (red)).
• ja-[]-ra - circumfix diminutive, 'little'
• jak'ígara - 'magazine', 'booklet'
• jín̗í - 'night'
• jíyí - 'meet', 'see'
• juŗ - 'name', 'title'
• jurák - 'state', 'country', 'nation'; (as adjective) 'national', 'state'
• jurágái - 'state institution', 'government department' (shortening of 'juráklígái')

Kk

• -k - gerundising suffix, '-ing'.
• kábá - 'bed'
• k'ai - 'person', 'human'
• Kaitur̗í - 'Kaishuri'.
• káiya - 'red'
• kángá - 'to eat', 'to consume'
• k'ángú - 'protect', 'prevent'; 'to protect from X' = k'ángú X-GEN tjai
• kar - 'dry', 'brittle'
• kíd̗í - 'soft', 'warm', 'nice', 'pleasant'
• kíd̗ímak - 'comfortable', 'pleasant'
• k'igá - 'book'
• k'ú - 'write', 'describe', 'document'
• k'úk'ul - 'calendar'
• kuk - 'pickle', 'gherkin'
• kukpángú - 'friend' (in a social, not romantic or sexual, sense. Typically refers to a friend that is relatively close, not an acquaintance).
• k'ul - 'year'
• k'ung - 'throw', 'toss'

Ll

• lá - 'island', 'isle'
• lák - 'summer'
• lal̗inád̗u - 'crescent' (shape)
• laru - 'forest', 'wood'
• li - 'to learn', 'to study'
• luk'í - 'hand'
• lúrba - 'grumpy', 'angry', 'irritable'
• lúrága - 'yesterday'
• luwu - 'dark green', 'tree green', 'verdant green'

L̗l̗

• l̗a - 'light', white'
• l̗al̗a - 'tasty', 'delicious', 'yummy'
• l̗ámúgai - 'wish', 'want', 'will', 'request'
• l̗an - 'blue', 'light blue'
• l̗árugái - 'pure', 'clean'
• l̗áwu - 'leaf'
• l̗ígái - 'institute', 'organisation'
• l̗ínakú - 'gender'

Mm

• -mak - suffix meaning 'full', 'full of', etc.
• mak - 'end', 'top'
• maká - 'place', 'location'
• má-[X]-k'ai - circumfix, 'person who does X', '-er' in English.
• máik'ai - 'lover'
• málik'ai - 'student', 'pupil'
• mát̗'íník'ai - 'artist', 'painter'
• mar - 'long', 'lengthy'
• már - 'very', 'really' (intensifier)
• mara - 'tragic, 'terrible', 'awe-inspiring', 'incredible'
• már̗úgak'ai - 'person of non-conforming gender or sexuality', 'queer person'
• máwulungk'ai - 'shopkeeper', 'shop worker', 'shop assistant'
• mbá - 'east', 'eastern'
• mbát̗á - 'parent'
• míka - 'to be called', 'to call', 'to name'
• mlá - 'power', 'authority', 'command'
• mpalá - 'child' (in general)
• mra - 'sow' (seed), 'plant'
• mrúk - 'wolf'
• mruk'í - 'say', 'speak', 'talk'
• ḿt̗a - 'house', 'home'
• ḿt̗atáng - 'post office'
• ḿt̗ayikáyar - 'museum' (lit. 'house of history')
• ḿt̗í - 'to happen', 'to occur'
• ḿt̗ít̗í - 'happenings', 'occurences', 'affairs'
• mú- - prefix meaning 'more', 'many'
• múk'ulu - 'old', 'aged'
• múmuk'u - 'old person', 'senior'
• muwái - 'bank' (financial institution)
• mwala - 'wine'

Nn

• narla - 'quiet', 'calm'
• nbá - 'benefit', 'wealth', 'good'
• nbátalak - 'commonwealth' (Mák’ai system of government, not the same as commonwealth in the British sense).
• níra - 'hair'
• ngbála - 'station', 'stop'
• nggáwa - 'below', 'beneath', 'underneath', 'under'
• nguk'u - 'mouth', 'opening'
• ngúmaya - 'wash', 'clean'
• nk'á - 'god', 'deity'
• nk'a - 'bird'
• nlá - 'heart', 'center'
• nláwai - 'central', 'cardiac'

N̗n̗

• n̗- - prefix meaning 'without' (alternative to 'r̗a-', less productive).
• ń̗- - prefix meaning 'extremely', 'very', etc.\
• n̗a- - prefix that turns adjectives into nouns, '-tion' in English approximately.
• n̗á - 'apple'
• n̗ápángú - 'romantic partner', 'boyfriend/girlfriend'
• n̗ad̗ága - 'building'
• n̗awula - 'temptation', 'desire'
• n̗gut̗íwu - 'ignorant' (archaic)
• ń̗gut̗íwu - 'renown', 'well known', 'famous'
• n̗ígu - 'buy', 'purchase'
• n̗íra - 'shadow'
• n̗t̗í - 'voiceless', 'silent', 'quiet'

Pp

• pá- - prefix for verbs of motion, 'to arrive', 'to reach'
• pak - 'flat', 'low', 'straight'
• pákuyí - 'to come', 'to arrive', 'to be realised', 'to eventuate'
• palí - 'to see', 'sight'
• pámur - 'man', 'male'
• pángú - 'companion', 'friend' (not typically used in isolation to mean 'friend', see kukpángú).
• parák - 'early'
• párla - 'to call for', 'to ask for', 'to request (sb)'
• patjí - 'to travel', 'travel', 'journey', 'voyage'
• patjírálang - 'souvenir'
• páyí - 'to arrive', 'to reach'
• páyi - 'cloth'
• payí - 'prayer'
• payi - 'oak tree'
• pí - 'to drink'
• píla - 'spring'
• púk - 'step', 'to step', 'to walk'
• púkú - 'to give'
• púpúk - 'foot'

Rr

• rálang - 'trinket', 'toy', 'device'
• ráwú - 'fire', 'burn'
• rul̗a - 'because', 'as', 'for'
• rúwak - 'valley', 'glen', dale'

R̗r̗

• r̗a- - prefix meaning 'without'
• r̗á - 'emperor'
• r̗ad̗u - 'unmoving', 'motionless', 'still'
• r̗akí - 'swamp', 'fen', 'marsh'
• r̗ákí - 'soon', 'quickly'
• r̗ak'ul - 'young'
• r̗al̗ínakú - 'genderless' (social state of children before the onset of puberty, see Gender and sexuality in Mák’ai.
• r̗áwu - 'glory', 'brilliance', 'success'
• r̗í - 'peak', 'height', 'tall'
• r̗íyúr̗ - 'mountain'
• r̗u - 'but', 'rather', 'instead'
• r̗úga - 'different', 'other'
• r̗úk - 'to do', 'to undertake', 'to participate in'
• r̗úgu - 'bread'

Tt

• tai - 'sky', 'heaven'
  • tai-gu - 'sun' (with fire classifier)
  • tai-pa - 'moon' (with Ngárduk classifier)
  • tai-wá - 'rain' (with water classifier)
• ták - 'river'
• talak - 'common', 'general', 'combined', 'shared'
• táng - 'letter', 'mail', 'post'
• t'ang - prefix meaning 'inter-', 'between', 'among', etc.
• t'angjúrak - 'international', 'foreign', 'abroad'
• tjai - 'from', 'out of', 'against'; generally causes the noun complement to take genitive, except for describing being 'from' a country.
• tját̗'á - 'dirty', 'unclean', 'impure', 'messy'
• tjatju - 'quick', 'fast'
• tji - 'new', 'novel'
• tjí - 'peach'
• tjípángú - 'sexual partner' (someone whom you have sex with, regardless of in a romantic relationship or otherwise).
• tjún̗ák - 'teacher', 'instructor', 'master'
• tjúngai - 'forgive', 'allow'; 'to forgive X of Y' - X in dative, Y in accusative.
• tjurák - 'special', 'unique', 'individual'
• turla - 'frost'
• t'urlá - 'food', 'nourishment'

T̗t̗

• t̗ak - 'like', 'as', 'in the same way'
• t̗ar - 'death', 'to die'
• t̗ar̗ - 'city', 'village', 'town'
• t̗í - 'voice'
• t̗'íník - 'art', 'painting'
• t̗íwu - 'know'
• t̗ur̗ - 'tooth'
• t̗'ur̗ - 'monarch', 'king', 'queen'
• t̗'ur̗gín - 'kingdom', 'realm'

Uu

• ubalái - 'visit', 'stay' (overnight)
• ukála - 'cold'
• úgu - 'also', 'too', 'as well'
• ungú - 'non-Mák’ai person'
• úwái - 'painting', 'picture', 'drawing'

Ww

• wá - 'water'
• -wai - adjectivising affix, '-al' in English.
• wat̗í - 'language'
• wula - 'attractive', 'desirable'; 'to tempt', 'to seduce'
• wulái - 'road', 'street', 'direction'
• wulung - 'shop', 'store'
• wupatjí - 'hotel'
• wúr - 'winter'
• wurang - 'run'
• -wurung - suffix that turns a noun into an adjective.
• wuwái - 'gold', 'golden'

Yy

• yá - 'eye'
• yába - 'apple'
• yak - 'single', 'sole', 'only'
• yakmaláwurung - 'autonomous', 'self-sufficient'
• yán̗á - 'beauty', 'beautiful'
• yánai - 'doctor'
• yará - 'almost', 'nearly'
• yáwai - 'coast'
• yí - 'to go'
• yín̗á - 'autumn', 'fall'
• yuk - 'south', 'southern'
• yuk'á - 'woman', 'female'
• yugí - 'lonely', 'alone'
• yun̗á - 'silver', 'precious', 'rare'

Greetings and other common phrases

Informal greetings and expressions:

• ít̗ák - 'hello'
• í - 'hi', 'hey'
• t̗ákí - 'bye'
• kayí - 'thanks'
• míka [name]-pak - 'my name is [name]', for a Ngárduk speaker.
• míka laí? - 'what is your name?' (lit. 'called who?')
• jíyí áwu - 'nice to meet you' (lit. 'meet good')
• ganái yuru? - 'how are you?', 'how are things?' (lit. 'time how').
• ján̗kái, ganái ján̗kái - 'I'm well', 'I'm good'

Formal greetings and expressions:

• kayít̗ar̗á - 'thank you'
• tákangakun míka [name]-pak - 'my name is [name]', for a Ngárduk speaker.
• tákak'an míka laí? - 'what is your name?', for a Ngárduk addressee (lit. 'who do they call you?').
• palíyán̗á - formal greeting during the day, 'good morning' or 'good day' (from 'beautiful sight').
• t̗ákáiur̗ngayí - formal greeting at night time, 'good night' or 'good evening' (from t̗ákáiur̗ngayí bukáiyak tai-gu, lit. 'may the sun be red')
• báwuk ngíngan - 'good bye', 'have a good day' (from 't̗ákáiur̗ngayí báwuk ngíngan, lit. 'may you be well')

Other:

• r̗u - 'no'
• t̗a - 'yes'

Kinship terms

Main article: Kinship in Mák’ai society.

Note that for the majority of the following kinship terms, gender is specified by using the relevant noun classifier, unless otherwise specified.

• Ámá - T̗’úkai parent (TP)
• Ábá - Márduk parent (MP)
• Át̗á - Ngárduk parent (NP)
• Jírak - older sibling (OS)
• Malumaluk - younger sibling (YS)
• Máma - T̗’úkai parent's T̗’úkai parent (TPTP)
• Bába - T̗’úkai parent's Márduk parent (TPMP)
• T̗áma - T̗’úkai parent's Ngárduk parent (TPNP)
• Bawái - Márduk parent's T̗’úkai parent (MPTP)
• Jíjí - Márduk parent's Márduk parent (MPMP)
• Balak - Márduk parent's Ngárduk parent (MPNP)
• Mími - Ngárduk parent's T̗’úkai parent (NPTP)
• Awá - Ngárduk parent's Márduk parent (NPMP)
• D̗ád̗a - Ngárduk parent's Ngárduk parent (NPNP)
• Yáwá - T̗’úkai parent's older sibling (TPOS)
• Gayáwá - T̗’úkai parent's older sibling's spouse (TPOSSp)
• Yámuluk - T̗’úkai parent's younger sibling (TPYS)
• Yáwulá - T̗’úkai parent's younger sibling's spouse (TPYSSp)
• Wáwá - Márduk parent's older sibling (MPOS)
• Gawáwá - Márduk parent's older sibling's spouse (MPOSSp)
• Wábi - Márduk parent's younger sibling (MPYS)
• Wábiwábi - Márduk parent's younger sibling's spouse (MPYSSp)
• Nalú - Ngárduk parent's older sibling (NPOS)
• Galú - Ngárduk parent's older sibling's spouse (nPOSSp)
• Nákínákí - Ngárduk parent's younger sibling (NPYS)
• Dala - Ngárduk parent's younger sibling's spouse (NPYSSp)

Paradigms

Verbal pronouns

Pronoun Declension Chart (Nominative):

Singular:
Person:		Inanimate/Non-Mák’ai:	Animate:
			Ngárduk	Márduk	T̗’úkai
1st:		ba	nga	ngá	nu
2nd:		ru	ngí		lai
3rd:	Proximate:	ra	ngu		ngái
	Distal:	táru	tángu		tjái
Dual:
1st:	Inclusive:	mba	ngaí		mlai
	Exclusive		ngaír		mnur
2nd:		ran	nngaí	ńngaí	mlan
3rd:	Proximate:	mra	kúngnu	kúngnú	ngálai
	Distal:	támra	tángnu	tángnú	jánu
Plural:
1st:	Inclusive:	mba	mk'a	mk'á	k'u
	Exclusive		mk'ar	mk'ár	k'ur
2nd:		lamwa	mk'awa	mk'áwá	k'uwa
3rd:	Proximate:	mrawa	kúngwa	kúngwá	ngálaiwa
	Distal:	táwa	táka	táká	já

Pronoun Declension Chart (Accusative):

Singular:
Person:		Inanimate/Non-Mák’ai:	Animate:
			Ngárduk	Márduk	T̗’úkai
1st:		bak	ngaku	ngáku	ku
2nd:		ruk	k'a		lu
3rd:	Proximate:	ru	k'u		k'ulu
	Distal:	tú	t'ú		t'úlu
Dual:
1st:	Inclusive:	bar
	Exclusive
2nd:			ba
3rd:	Proximate:
	Distal:
Plural:
1st:	Inclusive:	bar	mgu	mgú
	Exclusive
2nd:
3rd:	Proximate:	lam	gai	gái
	Distal:	tala	tágai	tágái

Pronoun Declension Chart (Ergative):

Singular:
Person:		Inanimate/Non-Mák’ai:	Animate:
			Ngárduk	Márduk	T̗’úkai
1st:		mí	mu	mú
2nd:			d̗a
3rd:	Proximate:	lá	má
	Distal:	lár
Dual:
1st:	Inclusive:	mír
	Exclusive
2nd:
3rd:	Proximate:
	Distal:	gang
Plural:
1st:	Inclusive:	mír
	Exclusive
2nd:
3rd:	Proximate:
	Distal:

Pronoun Declension Chart (Absolutive):

Singular:
Person:		Inanimate/Non-Mák’ai:	Animate:
			Ngárduk	Márduk	T̗’úkai
1st:		wu	t̗'u	t̗'ú
2nd:
3rd:	Proximate:	kái	t̗'a
	Distal:	t̗ákái
Dual:
1st:	Inclusive:	mwa
	Exclusive
2nd:
3rd:	Proximate:
	Distal:
Plural:
1st:	Inclusive:	mwa
	Exclusive
2nd:
3rd:	Proximate:
	Distal:

Pronoun Declension Chart (Dative):

Singular:
Person:		Inanimate/Non-Mák’ai:	Animate:
			Ngárduk	Márduk	T̗’úkai
1st:		ban̗
2nd:
3rd:	Proximate:	n̗u	n̗ulu
	Distal:
Dual:
1st:	Inclusive:	n̗ba
	Exclusive
2nd:
3rd:	Proximate:
	Distal:
Plural:
1st:	Inclusive:	n̗ba	n̗k'a
	Exclusive
2nd:
3rd:	Proximate:
	Distal:

Non-personal pronouns

Declinable non-personal pronouns in Mák’ai-wa

Function	Type	Nominative/Absolutive	Accusative	Ergative	Dative	Genitive	Instrumental	Locative
'This'	Thing	á 'this'	ák 'this'	ál̗á 'this'	án̗á 'to this'	ár 'of this'	áwá 'with this'	ár 'in this'
	Person	lá 'this one'	lák 'this one'	lál̗á 'this one'	lán̗á 'to this one'	lár 'of this one'	láwá 'with this one'	láyú 'at this one'
'That'	Thing	át̗a 'that'	át̗ak 'that'	át̗al̗á 'that'	át̗an̗á 'to that'	át̗ar 'of that'	át̗awá 'with that'	át̗ar 'in that'
	Person	lát̗á 'that one'	lát̗ák 'that one'	lát̗ál̗á 'that one'	lát̗án̗á 'to that one'	lát̗ár 'of that one'	lát̗áwá 'with that one'	lát̗ár 'at that one'
'Some'	Thing	muk 'something'	mukuk 'something'	ml̗á 'something'	mn̗á 'to something'	mur 'of something'	mwá 'with something'	mru 'in something, at something'
	Person	múk'ai 'someone'	múk'ait̗ák 'someone'	múk'ail̗á 'someone'	múk'ain̗á 'to someone'	múk'ayir 'of someone'	múk'aiwá 'with someone'	múk'ayir 'at someone'
'None'	Thing	r̗ukuk 'nothing'	kur̗uk 'nothing'	r̗ukl̗á 'nothing'	r̗un̗ák 'to nothing'	r̗urák 'of nothing'	r̗uwák 'with nothing'	-
	Person	r̗úk'ai 'no one'	r̗úk'ait̗ák 'no one'	r̗úk'ail̗á 'no one'	r̗úk'ain̗á 'to no one'	r̗úk'ayir 'of no one'	r̗úk'aiwá 'with no one'	r̗úk'ayir 'at no one'
'Every'	Thing	ír̗uk 'everything'	kír̗uk 'everything'	ír̗l̗á 'everything'	ír̗n̗á 'to everything'	ír̗á 'of everything'	ír̗wá 'with everything'	ír̗á 'in everything'
	Person	mír̗ 'everyone'	mír̗ak 'everyone'	mír̗l̗á 'everyone'	n̗mír̗ 'to everyone'	mír̗ur 'of everyone'	mír̗wá 'with everyone'	n̗mír̗ 'at everyone'
'Many'	Thing	mbá 'everything'	mbák 'everything'	mbál̗á 'everything'	mbán̗á 'to everything'	mbár 'of everything'	mbáwá 'with everything'	mbár 'in everything'
	Person	mbák'ai 'everyone'	mbák'ayak 'everyone'	mbál̗ák'ai 'everyone'	mbán̗ák'ai 'to everyone'	mbárk'ai 'of everyone'	mbáwák'ai 'with everyone'	mbárk'ai 'at everyone'
'Most'	Thing	mn̗ábá 'everything'	mn̗ábák 'everything'	mn̗ábál̗á 'everything'	mn̗ábán̗á 'to everything'	mn̗ábár 'of everything'	mn̗ábáwá 'with everything'	mn̗ábár 'in everything'
	Person	mn̗ábák'ai 'everyone'	mn̗ábák'ayak 'everyone'	mn̗ábál̗ák'ai 'everyone'	mn̗ábán̗ák'ai 'to everyone'	mn̗ábárk'ai 'of everyone'	mn̗ábáwák'ai 'with everyone'	mn̗ábárk'ai 'at everyone'
'Any'	Thing	párá 'anything'	párák 'anything'	párál̗á 'anything'	pán̗á 'to anything'	pár 'of anything'	páwá 'with anything'	pár 'in anything'
	Person	lipárá 'anyone'	lipák 'anyone'	lipál̗á 'anyone'	lin̗ápá 'to anyone'	lipár 'of anyone'	liwápá 'with anyone'	lipár 'at anyone'

Indeclinable non-personal pronouns in Mák’ai-wa

	Query	'This'	'That'	'Some'	'None'	'Every'	'Many'	'Most'	'Any'
Adjective	kí 'which'	á 'this'	át̗a 'that'	mni 'some'	r̗uk 'no'	ír̗u 'every'	mbá 'many'	mn̗ábá 'most'	pá 'any'
Place	t̗ayíd̗a 'where'	d̗ad̗a 'here'	t̗ad̗a 'there'	d̗am 'somewhere'	r̗ud̗a 'nowhere'	ír̗d̗a 'everywhere'	mbád̗a 'many places'	mn̗ábád̗a 'most places'	pád̗a 'anywhere'
Time	t̗atjú 'when'	tjúdai 'now'	t̗atjú 'then'	mtjú 'sometime'	r̗alá 'never'	ír̗lá 'always'	mbár̗lá 'often'	mn̗ábár̗lá 'very often'	pátjú 'any time'
Way	yuru 'how'	yurá 'in this way'	yurát̗a 'thus'	myur 'somehow'	-	ír̗bagan 'in every way'	mbágan 'in many ways'	n̗ábágan 'in most ways'	páyur 'in any way'
Reason	jád̗u 'why'	jáyád̗u 'for this reason'	jáyád̗u át̗a 'for that reason'	mjád̗u 'for some reason'	jár̗u 'for no reason'	-	-	-	jápá 'for any reason'

Classifiers

Singular

Case	pa (ngárduk)	yu (márduk)	ja (t̗'úkai)	kí (non-Mák’ai person, children, animals)	a (spirit, deity)	mú (plant matter)	n̗i (food, edible substances)	na (tool, weapon)	gu (fire, heat)	wa (language, sounds)	wá (water, aquatic animals)	d̗a (time and space)	ngu (generic)
Nominative	pa	yu	ja	kí	a	mú	n̗i	na	gu	wa	wá	d̗a	ngu
Absolutive	pa	yu	ja	kí	a	mú	n̗i	na	gu	wa	wá	d̗a	ngu
Accusative	pak	yuk	jak	kíyak	á	múk	n̗ik	nak	guk	wak	wák	d̗ak	ngut̗ak
Ergative	pal̗a	yul̗a	jal̗a	kíl̗a	ar	múl̗a	n̗il̗a	nal̗a	gul̗a	wal̗a	wál̗a	d̗al̗a	ngul̗a
Dative	pan̗u	yun̗u	jan̗u	kín̗u	án̗	mún̗u	n̗in̗u	nan̗u	gun̗u	wan̗u	wán̗u	d̗an̗u	ngun̗
Genitive	par	yur	jur	kír	áyú	múr	n̗ir	nar	gur	war	wár	d̗ar	ngur
Instrumental	pawá	yuwá	jawá	kíwá	áwá	múwá	n̗iwá	na	guwá	wawá	wáwá	d̗awá	nguwá
Locative	par	yuú	jur	kír	áyú	múr	n̗ir	nar	guú	war	wár	d̗ar	nguú

Dual

Case	pa (ngárduk)	yu (márduk)	ja (t̗'úkai)	kí (non-Mák’ai person, children, animals)	a (spirit, deity)	mú (plant matter)	n̗i (food, edible substances)	na (tool, weapon)	gu (fire, heat)	wa (language, sounds)	wá (water, aquatic animals)	d̗a (time and space)	ngu (generic)
Nominative	pan̗	yun̗	jan̗	kín̗	an̗	mún̗	n̗in̗	nan̗	gun̗	wan̗	wán̗	d̗an̗	ngun̗
Absolutive	pan̗	yun̗	jan̗	kín̗	an̗	mún̗	n̗in̗	nan̗	gun̗	wan̗	wán̗	d̗an̗	ngun̗
Accusative	pan̗ak	yun̗ak	jan̗ak	kín̗ak	án̗	mún̗ak	n̗in̗ak	nan̗ak	gun̗ak	wan̗ak	wán̗ak	d̗an̗ak	ngun̗ak
Ergative	pan̗l̗a	yun̗l̗a	jan̗l̗a	kín̗l̗a	aran̗	mún̗l̗a	n̗in̗l̗a	nan̗l̗a	gun̗l̗a	wan̗l̗a	wán̗l̗a	d̗an̗l̗a	ngun̗l̗a
Dative	pan̗un̗	yun̗un̗	jan̗un̗	kín̗un̗	n̗án̗	mún̗un̗	n̗in̗un̗	nan̗un̗	gun̗un̗	wan̗un̗	wán̗un̗	d̗an̗un̗	ngun̗u
Genitive	pan̗ar	yun̗ur	jun̗ur	kín̗ir	áyún̗	mún̗ur	n̗in̗ir	nan̗ar	gun̗ur	wan̗ar	wán̗ar	d̗an̗ar	ngun̗ur
Instrumental	pan̗wá	yun̗wá	jan̗wá	kín̗wá	án̗wá	mún̗wá	n̗in̗wá	nan̗	gun̗wá	wan̗wá	wán̗wá	d̗an̗wá	ngun̗wá
Locative	pan̗ar	yun̗ú	jun̗ur	kín̗ir	áyún̗	mún̗ur	n̗in̗ir	nan̗ar	gun̗ú	wan̗ar	wán̗ar	d̗an̗ar	ngun̗ú

Plural

Case	pa (ngárduk)	yu (márduk)	ja (t̗'úkai)	kí (non-Mák’ai person, children, animals)	a (spirit, deity)	mú (plant matter)	n̗i (food, edible substances)	na (tool, weapon)	gu (fire, heat)	wa (language, sounds)	wá (water, aquatic animals)	d̗a (time and space)	ngu (generic)
Nominative	par	yur	jar	kír	ar	múr	n̗ir	nar	gur	war	wár	d̗ar	ngur
Absolutive	par	yur	jar	kkír	ar	múr	n̗ir	nar	gur	war	wár	d̗ar	ngur
Accusative	parak	yurak	jarak	kírak	ár	múrak	n̗irak	narak	gurak	warak	wárak	d̗arak	ngurak
Ergative	parl̗a	yurl̗a	jarl̗a	kírla	l̗ur	múrl̗a	n̗irl̗a	narl̗a	gurl̗a	warl̗a	wárl̗a	d̗arl̗a	ngurl̗a
Dative	pan̗ur	yun̗ur	jan̗ur	kín̗ur	n̗ur	mún̗ur	n̗in̗ur	nan̗ur	gun̗ur	wan̗ur	wán̗ur	d̗an̗ur	ngun̗ur
Genitive	n̗par	n̗yur	n̗jur	n̗kír	áyúr	n̗múr	n̗iru	n̗aru	n̗gur	n̗war	n̗wár	n̗d̗ar	nguru
Instrumental	parwá	yurwá	jarwá	kírwá	árwá	múrwá	n̗irwá	nar	gurwá	warwá	wárwá	d̗arwá	ngurwá
Locative	n̗par	yurú	n̗jur	n̗kír	áyúr	n̗múr	n̗iru	n̗aru	gurú	n̗war	n̗wár	n̗d̗ar	ngurú

See also

• Mák’ai
• Mák’ai language