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Tondolese (呂宋的文; ‘’Lusongan‘’) is the sole official language of the Republic of Tondo and is the tenth-most spoken language in the world by the number of its native speakers. It is considered a part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages. However, it has received heavy influence from the Sinitic languages; most notably, the Southern Min languages spoken in Fujian and Taiwan. In spite of Tondo's geographic isolation from mainland Asia, Tondolese is considered by mainstream linguists to be a part of the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area (MSEA). Tondolese is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 150 modern varieties, including its standard variety based on the dialects spoken in Manila.
| Tondolese language | |
|---|---|
| Region | Tondo |
Native speakers |
approx. 147,500,000+ (globally) (est.2017) L2 – ~14,500,000 |
|
Austronesian
| |
| Hanli (mainly); Bopomofo (ruby script); Latin alphabet (rarely/historically); Baybayin (historically) | |
| Signed Han | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |
 Tondo (official) Kingdom of Sierra (co-official) |
| Regulated by | International Order on the Tondolese language |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 |
td |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
History
Prehistory
Classical Tagalog
Later Tagalog
Early Tondolese
Modern Tondolese
Phonology
Vowels
| Monophthongs | /a/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ɪ/, /o/, /u/, |
|---|---|
| Diphthongs | /ja/, /jɛ/, /jo/, /ju/, /wa/, /wɛ/, /wo/, /wu/ |
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental Alveolar |
Post-alveolar Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p (p̚) | t (t̚) | k (k̚) | ʔ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | g | ||||||
| Affricate | Sibilant | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ (t͡ɕ) | |||||
| voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ (d͡ʑ) | |||||||
| Non-sibilant | voiceless | ||||||||
| voiced | |||||||||
| Fricative | Sibilant | voiceless | s | ʃ (ɕ) | h | ||||
| voiced | ʒ (ʑ) | ||||||||
| Non-sibilant | voiceless | f (ɸ) | |||||||
| voiced | |||||||||
| Approximant | l, ɾ (r) | j | w | ||||||
Phonotactics
There are five main phonological constraints:
- all syllables have a nucleus
- the onset is optional and while typically comprised of a single consonant, it can have a maximum of two consonants: a plosive or an affricate, followed by an approximant
- the nucleus is obligatory, and must always be a syllabic vowel
- the coda is optional, and can only consist of nasals, lateral approximants, and unvoiced obstruents (which are realized as unreleased stops)
- the only word-final consonants permitted are nasals and lateral approximants